贸易相互依存、争议问题与国际冲突的复发——“商业和平论”批判
Trade Interdependence, Contentious Issues and Recurring International Conflict: A Critique of the Commercial Peace Theory

发布时间 Release time: 2020年11月22日 阅读次数 Hits:

卢凌宇 胡鹏刚

    内容提要:“商业和平论”是冷战后影响力最大的西方自由主义国际关系理论之一,其核心命题是国际经济交流尤其是国际贸易显著地降低国际冲突的概率。商业和平论存在两个隐藏较深的内在缺陷:一是该理论的一个基本假定是战争对国际贸易造成的损失会进入决策者的理性计算。作为一个场域假定,它必须是真实的才不会演绎出虚假的理论,而这个假定并没有在经验上得到支持。二是即使上述假定为真,从理论和经验上看,除非冲突结束,决策者大概率认识不到战争对双边贸易造成的损失。相比之下,决策者从冲突中学习到国际冲突对贸易的影响则是一个“似真性”更强的假定。鉴于此,测试贸易如何影响国际冲突的复发是对商业和平论的一个更恰当的评估方式。根据政治生存理论,只有在对外经济交流的收益与“非补偿性原则”不冲突的前提下,贸易才可能会降低冲突卷土重来的概率。所以,贸易既无法阻止旨在推翻敌国政权的战争,也无法遏制涉及有形和无形资源禀赋的领土冲突,但却会降低政策性国际冲突复发的可能性。文章基于1885-2000年的双边贸易和“军事化国际争端”数据库的统计分析表明,贸易并没有显著地降低前两种类型的国际冲突再起的风险,但对于中和次要的政策性国际冲突,却起到了显著的作用。

    关键词:贸易;争议问题;国际冲突;复发

 Abstract: The central proposition of the commercial peace theory is that international economic exchanges, especially trade significantly reduces the likelihood of international conflict. There are two clear pitfalls to the theory: First , its fundamental assumption that the negative consequences of war on trade would enter the calculus of decision makers does not hold empirically. Second, even if this assumption is true , it is theoretically and empirically unlikely that decision makers would accurately gauge the losses of bilateral trade to be incurred by war until it ends. Conversely, that policymakers would learn through previous interstate conflicts is a far more plausible assumption. Accordingly, a more appropriate assessment of the connection between trade and conflict is to examine how trade affects the recurrence of interstate conflict.

 Key Words: Trade; Dispute; International Conflict; Recurrence

本文发表于《当代亚太》2020年第5期。 

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